You have two things happening at once.
First. There a process that cleans up tmp files according to a configuration. Yours is probably set to clean files older than a day.
https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/tmpfiles.d.html for more information
Second, As to the folder. Docker will create a folder with the bind mount’s name if it’s not found. So Docker tries to find your promethius file, doesn’t find it, then creates a folder with that name and mounts it instead.
You should move the files out of tmp. That’ll solve all your problems.
My guess is the cleanup process is running as root and clobbers anything it sees regardless of permissions. But that’s a guess. I’ve never tried keeping long term data in tmp.